Predictors of Heightened Platelet Reactivity Despite Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Small studies have indicated that drug-drug interactions and such clinical characteristics as diabetes mellitus may increase residual platelet reactivity in patients on clopidogrel therapy. The independent contribution of these variables to high residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) is not well studied. Residual platelet reactivity was assessed using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics Inc., San Diego, California) in 377 patients with stable coronary artery disease on maintenance clopidogrel therapy. HRPR was defined using a threshold previously shown to predict adverse clinical outcomes. Residual platelet reactivity was significantly higher in women (220 ± 82 vs 200 ± 77 P2Y12 reaction units [PRU]; p = 0.041), non-Caucasians (229 ± 79 vs 202 ± 78 PRU; p = 0.047), patients with diabetes mellitus (220 ± 73 vs 196 ± 80 PRU; p = 0.005), and those treated with nitrates (233 ± 70 vs 200 ± 80 PRU; p = 0.018) or proton-pump inhibitors (218 ± 79 vs 198 ± 78 PRU; p = 0.02), whereas residual platelet reactivity was significantly lower in active smokers (168 ± 82 vs 208 ± 77 PRU; p = 0.006). Independent predictors of HRPR were female gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14 to 3.19, p = 0.014), non-Caucasian ethnicity (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.49 to 6.28, p = 0.002), use of proton-pump inhibitors (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.59, p = 0.035), and active smoking (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.94, p = 0.037). HRPR was associated with increased 6-month mortality rates (3.0% vs 0%; p = 0.016). In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that clopidogrel nonresponsiveness is primarily the result of genetic mechanisms and factors that may influence activity of the cytochrome P-450 system.