TY - JOUR
T1 - 1,1-Bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes inhibit colon cancer cell and tumor growth through PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent pathways
AU - Chintharlapalli, Sudhakar
AU - Papineni, Sabitha
AU - Safe, Stephen
PY - 2006/5
Y1 - 2006/5
N2 - 1,1-Bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes containing p-trifluoromethyl, t-butyl, and phenyl [1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-phenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhC6H5)] substituents induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-mediated transactivation in SW480 colon cancer cells. These PPARγ-active compounds also inhibit cell proliferation and modulate some cell cycle proteins. At concentrations from 2.5 to 7.5 μmol/L, the PPARγ agonists induce caveolin-1 and phosphorylation of Akt and cotreatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited the induction response. In contrast, higher concentrations (10 μmol/L) of 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes containing 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-trifluoromethyl)methane and DIM-C-pPhC6H5 induce apoptosis, which is PPARγ independent. This was accompanied by loss of caveolin-1 induction but induction of proapoptotic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1. In athymic nude mice bearing SW480 cell xenografts, DIM-C-pPhC6H5 inhibits tumor growth at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg/d and immunohistochemical staining of the tumors showed induction of apoptosis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1 expression. Thus, the indole-derived PPARγ-active compounds induce both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent responses in SW480 cells, which are separable over a narrow range of concentrations. This dual mechanism of action enhances their anti proliferative and anti-cancer activities.
AB - 1,1-Bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes containing p-trifluoromethyl, t-butyl, and phenyl [1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-phenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhC6H5)] substituents induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-mediated transactivation in SW480 colon cancer cells. These PPARγ-active compounds also inhibit cell proliferation and modulate some cell cycle proteins. At concentrations from 2.5 to 7.5 μmol/L, the PPARγ agonists induce caveolin-1 and phosphorylation of Akt and cotreatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 inhibited the induction response. In contrast, higher concentrations (10 μmol/L) of 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes containing 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-trifluoromethyl)methane and DIM-C-pPhC6H5 induce apoptosis, which is PPARγ independent. This was accompanied by loss of caveolin-1 induction but induction of proapoptotic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1. In athymic nude mice bearing SW480 cell xenografts, DIM-C-pPhC6H5 inhibits tumor growth at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg/d and immunohistochemical staining of the tumors showed induction of apoptosis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1 expression. Thus, the indole-derived PPARγ-active compounds induce both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent responses in SW480 cells, which are separable over a narrow range of concentrations. This dual mechanism of action enhances their anti proliferative and anti-cancer activities.
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U2 - 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0002
DO - 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0002
M3 - Article
C2 - 16731770
AN - SCOPUS:33745095265
SN - 1535-7163
VL - 5
SP - 1362
EP - 1370
JO - Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
JF - Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
IS - 5
ER -