Brain–computer interfaces as an architectural design tool: Feasibility and usability study

The applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for ideation scenarios in architectural design have not been widely explored. In this paper, a BCI tool was developed and tested with the goal of enabling architectural designers to manipulate the placement and dimensions of windows in a virtual-reality room through the use of self-selected body movements. Usability tests, followed by semi-structured interviews, were conducted to investigate the accuracy of the BCI, the cognitive loads experienced by users, and their subjective reactions to the tool. The findings revealed that a wide range of online binary accuracy (41%–86%) was observed among different participants when the BCI was utilized. The tool was enthusiastically received by the participants, who described it as a rewarding and creativity-enhancing approach. The main challenges reported were high mental loads and confusing visual feedback, both of which may be addressed by future technological adjustments.