TY - JOUR
T1 - Childhood traumatic experiences and the association with marijuana and cocaine use in adolescence through adulthood
AU - Scheidell, Joy D.
AU - Quinn, Kelly
AU - McGorray, Susan P.
AU - Frueh, B. Christopher
AU - Beharie, Nisha N.
AU - Cottler, Linda B.
AU - Khan, Maria R.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant ‘Longitudinal Study of Trauma, HIV Risk, and Criminal Justice Involvement’ (Principle Investigator: M.R.K.; R01DA036414). This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by grant P01‐HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www. cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received from grant P01HD31921 for this analysis.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Society for the Study of Addiction
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Background and aims: Examination of longitudinal relationships between childhood traumatic experiences and drug use across the life-course at the national level, with control of confounding by other forms of trauma, is needed. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of nine typologies of childhood traumas and the cumulative number experienced, correlation between traumas and associations between individual and cumulative number of traumas with drug use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood. Design: Secondary data analysis using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Setting: United States. Participants: A nationally representative sample of individuals in grades 7–12 (aged 11–21 years) during 1994–95, who were re-interviewed during emerging adulthood (2001–02; aged 18–28) and adulthood (2007–08; aged 24–34). The analytical sample comprised 12 288 participants with data at all three waves. Measurements: Nine typologies of childhood traumas: neglect; emotional, physical and sexual abuse; parental incarceration and binge drinking; and witnessing, being threatened with and experiencing violence. Indicators of each were summed to measure cumulative dose. Outcomes were marijuana and cocaine use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood. Findings: Approximately half experienced at least one childhood trauma; traumas were not highly correlated. We observed a dose–response relationship between the number of traumas and drug use in adolescence [marijuana, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) one trauma versus none = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42, 1.92; two traumas = 2.58, 95% CI = 2.17, 3.06; ≥ four traumas = 6.92, 95% CI = 5.17, 9.26; cocaine, aOR one trauma = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.23, 2.84; two traumas = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.74, 4.51; ≥ four traumas = 9.54, 95% CI = 5.93, 15.38]. Similar dose–response relationships with drug use were observed in emerging adulthood and adulthood. Each individual trauma was associated independently with either marijuana or cocaine use in adolescence, emerging adulthood and/or adulthood. Conclusions: Childhood trauma is prevalent in the United States, and individual types as well as the total number experienced are associated significantly with marijuana and cocaine use throughout the life-course.
AB - Background and aims: Examination of longitudinal relationships between childhood traumatic experiences and drug use across the life-course at the national level, with control of confounding by other forms of trauma, is needed. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of nine typologies of childhood traumas and the cumulative number experienced, correlation between traumas and associations between individual and cumulative number of traumas with drug use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood. Design: Secondary data analysis using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Setting: United States. Participants: A nationally representative sample of individuals in grades 7–12 (aged 11–21 years) during 1994–95, who were re-interviewed during emerging adulthood (2001–02; aged 18–28) and adulthood (2007–08; aged 24–34). The analytical sample comprised 12 288 participants with data at all three waves. Measurements: Nine typologies of childhood traumas: neglect; emotional, physical and sexual abuse; parental incarceration and binge drinking; and witnessing, being threatened with and experiencing violence. Indicators of each were summed to measure cumulative dose. Outcomes were marijuana and cocaine use during adolescence, emerging adulthood and adulthood. Findings: Approximately half experienced at least one childhood trauma; traumas were not highly correlated. We observed a dose–response relationship between the number of traumas and drug use in adolescence [marijuana, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) one trauma versus none = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42, 1.92; two traumas = 2.58, 95% CI = 2.17, 3.06; ≥ four traumas = 6.92, 95% CI = 5.17, 9.26; cocaine, aOR one trauma = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.23, 2.84; two traumas = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.74, 4.51; ≥ four traumas = 9.54, 95% CI = 5.93, 15.38]. Similar dose–response relationships with drug use were observed in emerging adulthood and adulthood. Each individual trauma was associated independently with either marijuana or cocaine use in adolescence, emerging adulthood and/or adulthood. Conclusions: Childhood trauma is prevalent in the United States, and individual types as well as the total number experienced are associated significantly with marijuana and cocaine use throughout the life-course.
KW - Adolescence
KW - childhood trauma
KW - cocaine
KW - life-course
KW - marijuana
KW - young adulthood
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U2 - 10.1111/add.13921
DO - 10.1111/add.13921
M3 - Article
C2 - 28645136
AN - SCOPUS:85028437176
SN - 0965-2140
VL - 113
SP - 44
EP - 56
JO - Addiction
JF - Addiction
IS - 1
ER -