TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison of Prospective and Retrospective Gated 4D Flow Cardiac MR Image Acquisitions in the Carotid Bifurcation
AU - Hurd, Elliott R.
AU - Han, Mengjiao
AU - Mendes, Jason K.
AU - Hadley, J. Rock
AU - Johnson, Chris R.
AU - DiBella, Edward V.R.
AU - Oshinski, John N.
AU - Timmins, Lucas H.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported with funding from the National Institutes of Health (R21 NS114602; JNO). This work utilized equipment that was purchased with funding from the National Institutes of Health (S10 D018482). Seg3D is an open-source software project that is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P41 GM103545 and R24 GM136986 (CRJ). The Authors thank Bea Hurd for assistance with illustrations.
Funding Information:
This study was supported with funding from the National Institutes of Health (R21 NS114602; JNO). This work utilized equipment that was purchased with funding from the National Institutes of Health (S10 D018482). Seg3D is an open-source software project that is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P41 GM103545 and R24 GM136986 (CRJ). The Authors thank Bea Hurd for assistance with illustrations. The authors have no conflicts of interests or competing interests to declare. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of images in Fig. 1. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards at the University of Utah and Emory University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Purpose: To evaluate the agreement of 4D flow cMRI-derived bulk flow features and fluid (blood) velocities in the carotid bifurcation using prospective and retrospective gating techniques. Methods: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated three-dimensional (3D) cine phase-contrast cardiac MRI with three-direction velocity encoding (i.e., 4D flow cMRI) data were acquired in ten carotid bifurcations from men (n = 3) and women (n = 2) that were cardiovascular disease-free. MRI sequence parameters were held constant across all scans except temporal resolution values differed. Velocity data were extracted from the fluid domain and evaluated across the entire volume or at defined anatomic planes (common, internal, external carotid arteries). Qualitative agreement between gating techniques was performed by visualizing flow streamlines and topographical images, and statistical comparisons between gating techniques were performed across the fluid volume and defined anatomic regions. Results: Agreement in the kinematic data (e.g., bulk flow features and velocity data) were observed in the prospectively and retrospectively gated acquisitions. Voxel differences in time-averaged, peak systolic, and diastolic-averaged velocity magnitudes between gating techniques across all volunteers were 2.7%, 1.2%, and 6.4%, respectively. No significant differences in velocity magnitudes or components (vr, vθ, vz) were observed. Importantly, retrospective acquisitions captured increased retrograde flow in the internal carotid artery (i.e., carotid sinus) compared to prospective acquisitions (10.4 ± 6.3% vs. 4.6 ± 5.3%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated 4D flow cMRI acquisitions provide comparable evaluations of fluid velocities, including velocity vector components, in the carotid bifurcation. However, the increased temporal coverage of retrospective acquisitions depicts increased retrograde flow patterns (i.e., disturbed flow) not captured by the prospective gating technique.
AB - Purpose: To evaluate the agreement of 4D flow cMRI-derived bulk flow features and fluid (blood) velocities in the carotid bifurcation using prospective and retrospective gating techniques. Methods: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated three-dimensional (3D) cine phase-contrast cardiac MRI with three-direction velocity encoding (i.e., 4D flow cMRI) data were acquired in ten carotid bifurcations from men (n = 3) and women (n = 2) that were cardiovascular disease-free. MRI sequence parameters were held constant across all scans except temporal resolution values differed. Velocity data were extracted from the fluid domain and evaluated across the entire volume or at defined anatomic planes (common, internal, external carotid arteries). Qualitative agreement between gating techniques was performed by visualizing flow streamlines and topographical images, and statistical comparisons between gating techniques were performed across the fluid volume and defined anatomic regions. Results: Agreement in the kinematic data (e.g., bulk flow features and velocity data) were observed in the prospectively and retrospectively gated acquisitions. Voxel differences in time-averaged, peak systolic, and diastolic-averaged velocity magnitudes between gating techniques across all volunteers were 2.7%, 1.2%, and 6.4%, respectively. No significant differences in velocity magnitudes or components (vr, vθ, vz) were observed. Importantly, retrospective acquisitions captured increased retrograde flow in the internal carotid artery (i.e., carotid sinus) compared to prospective acquisitions (10.4 ± 6.3% vs. 4.6 ± 5.3%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Prospective and retrospective ECG-gated 4D flow cMRI acquisitions provide comparable evaluations of fluid velocities, including velocity vector components, in the carotid bifurcation. However, the increased temporal coverage of retrospective acquisitions depicts increased retrograde flow patterns (i.e., disturbed flow) not captured by the prospective gating technique.
KW - Biomechanics
KW - Cardiac MRI
KW - Hemodynamics
KW - Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging
KW - Triggering
KW - Reproducibility of Results
KW - Prospective Studies
KW - Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
KW - Carotid Arteries/diagnostic imaging
KW - Blood Flow Velocity
KW - Female
KW - Retrospective Studies
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U2 - 10.1007/s13239-022-00630-6
DO - 10.1007/s13239-022-00630-6
M3 - Article
C2 - 35618870
AN - SCOPUS:85130686325
SN - 1869-408X
VL - 14
SP - 1
EP - 12
JO - Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology
JF - Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology
IS - 1
ER -