@inbook{dcce4fc7f12a41c2bab81ae891898479,
title = "Drug Testing in Pain Management",
author = "Bertholf, {Roger L.} and Reisfield, {Gary M.}",
note = "Funding Information: Along the evolution toward widespread use of UDT were seminal events that accelerated its adoption. In 1981, the crash of a Marine EA-6B Prowler attempting to land on the flight deck of the USS Nimitz claimed the lives of 14 seamen and left 45 others with serious injuries, along with an estimated US$150 million of damage to aircraft and their carrier. The subsequent investigation of the incident revealed marijuana in urine, using autopsy specimens collected from several members of the flight deck crew, prompting President Reagan to issue a “Zero Tolerance” policy for drug use in the US military, with mandated urine drug testing of all service personnel. The program would soon be expanded to include non-military federal employees in safety-sensitive positions. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), an agency of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), was given responsibility for oversight of the federal drug-free workplace program, and the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) in North Carolina was awarded a grant to develop a protocol for UDT of federal employees. The RTI recommendations were codified into federal law in 1987, when Public Law 100-71 established the specifications for laboratories performing UDT for federal employees. Included in the specifications was a program to certify laboratories that met the standards established in PL 100-71; it became known as “NIDA certification”, and clinical laboratories had to meet NIDA standards, and be certified, before they could compete for contracts to perform UDT for federal employees. ",
year = "2012",
month = jun,
day = "7",
doi = "10.1016/B978-0-12-385467-4.00018-X",
language = "English (US)",
isbn = "9780123854674",
pages = "397--416",
booktitle = "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring",
publisher = "Elsevier",
address = "United States",
}