Human osteoblast behavior on as-synthesized SiO₄ and B-CO ₃ co-substituted apatite

The functional behavior of synthetic apatite, commonly used as fillers or scaffolds, depends on physical and chemical parameters, which vary in response to chemical substitutions and to thermal treatments. The effect of silicon co-substituting with carbonate ions in the apatite lattice on the properties of the as-synthesized powder and finally on human osteoblast in vitro behavior was investigated. Dose-response curves of Si-free and Si-substituted carbonated apatites (namely CHA and SiCHA-1 and SiCHA-2 with 0.88 and 0.55 wt % of Si, respectively) showed that SiCHA-1 had toxic effect, whereas CHA and SiCHA-2, at worst, hindered osteoblast proliferation, but no toxicity occurred. Subsequent experiments compared the effects of CHA and SiCHA-2 used at the doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/mL. After 7 days of treatment, both the powders stimulated cell proliferation and protein content and inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity. However, SiCHA-2 slightly stimulated osteoblast differentiation, as shown by higher calcium deposition, compared with CHA. The cell behaviors were linked to the peculiar powder characteristics. The as-synthesized powder represents the most critical system in terms of reactivity toward cells and can inform on the limits for positively exploiting the characteristics of SiCHA powders in making bone fillers or scaffolds, using no thermal treatments.