Localization

Localization is the diagnostic exercise of determining from the presenting signs and symptoms what site of the nervous system has been affected by a disease process. Accurate localization depends on: (1) determining abnormal cognitive, motor, or sensory function in the individual patient; and (2) having a good understanding of human neuroanatomy and very probable signs or symptoms that are caused by lesions of the various neural structures. Localization is most helpful to guide the rest of the diagnostic workup, for instance, electromyography to study a peripheral nerve lesion or brain imaging to study a lesion likely located in the brain.