Neurobiology

This chapter considers the neurobiological factors that are involved in biopsychosocial processes, which include biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in health and disease. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying psychological and social factors of health and disease may provide novel insights into disease etiology as well as more targeted treatment options. This chapter will discuss basic concepts in neurobiology, including cell types in the human brain, neurotransmitters, and functional neuroanatomy. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain structure and function in humans will be examined, including how neuroimaging can elucidate the neurobiology of mental health and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and dementia. The chapter will review how neurobiology and neuroimaging influence disease etiology and diagnosis, providing novel treatment options to improve health and well-being. This includes pharmacological methods as well as lifestyle interventions such as emotion regulation, exercise, sleep, and dietary habits.