Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species - A driving force in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms contribute to motoneuron injury in ALS that involve the following: (1) misfolded proteins; (2) mitochondrial dysfunction; (3) neurofilament/cytoskeletal alterations; (4) mRNA mishandling from mRNA processing to translation; (5) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi dysfunction including ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and protein degradation malfunction; (6) neuroinflammation with subsequent oxidative injury and neurotoxicity; and (7) astroglial alterations. However, the initiating pathogenic mechanism and the ensuing pathogenic processes responsible for spreading the disease from the original site of initiation are not clearly delineated. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play significant roles exacerbating disease in ALS by aggravating all of the pathogenic mechanisms that induce motoneuron injury. The reactive species include nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (O2 •-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxynitrite. One of, if not the main source of RONS in the CNS in ALS, is microglia. Microglia are activated at the onset of disease and become increasingly activated with disease progression, generating escalating levels of O2 •- from NADPH oxidase and NO by iNOS. Excess O2 •- is also generated in motoneurons from mitochondrial respiration, and NO is generated by motoneurons and astroglia with disease progression. The NO rapidly reacts with O2 •- to form peroxynitrite, a highly toxic RONS which modifies DNA, proteins, and lipids. In this chapter, the proposed mechanisms of motoneuron injury will each be discussed based on what occurs in patients and animal models, including a discussion on the roles RONS play in aggravating the pathologies.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Title of host publicationSystems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants
PublisherSpringer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Pages3141-3165
Number of pages25
ISBN (Electronic)9783642300189
ISBN (Print)3642300170, 9783642300172
DOIs
StatePublished - May 1 2012

Keywords

  • ALS
  • Astroglia
  • ER stress
  • Inflammation
  • Microglia
  • Mitochondria
  • RNS
  • ROS

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species - A driving force in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this