TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
AU - Ortiz-Martínez, Margarita
AU - González-González, Mirna
AU - Martagón, Alexandro J.
AU - Hlavinka, Victoria
AU - Willson, Richard C.
AU - Rito-Palomares, Marco
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine and the Pathophysiology of Metabolic and Emerging Diseases Strategic Focus Groups, as well as the Bioengineering and Medical Devices Unit of Tecnologico de Monterrey and Fundación FEMSA for their financial support.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine and the Pathophysiology of Metabolic and Emerging Diseases Strategic Focus Groups, as well as the Bioengineering and Medical Devices Unit of Tecnologico de Monterrey and Fundaci?n FEMSA for their financial support.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/3
Y1 - 2022/3
N2 - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic illness characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that occurs when there is cellular resistance to insulin action, pancreatic β-cells do not produce sufficient insulin, or both. Diabetes prevalence has greatly increased in recent decades; consequently, it is considered one of the fastest-growing public health emergencies globally. Poor blood glucose control can result in long-term micro- and macrovascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with diabetes require continuous medical care, including pharmacological intervention as well as lifestyle and dietary changes.RECENT FINDINGS: The most common form of diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), represents approximately 90% of all cases worldwide. T2DM occurs more often in middle-aged and elderly adults, and its cause is multifactorial. However, its incidence has increased in children and young adults due to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate nutrition. This high incidence is also accompanied by an estimated underdiagnosis prevalence of more than 50% worldwide. Implementing successful and cost-effective strategies for systematic screening of diabetes mellitus is imperative to ensure early detection, lowering patients' risk of developing life-threatening disease complications. Therefore, identifying new biomarkers and assay methods for diabetes mellitus to develop robust, non-invasive, painless, highly-sensitive, and precise screening techniques is essential. This review focuses on the recent development of new clinically validated and novel biomarkers as well as the methods for their determination that represent cost-effective alternatives for screening and early diagnosis of T2DM.
AB - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetes mellitus is a complex, chronic illness characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that occurs when there is cellular resistance to insulin action, pancreatic β-cells do not produce sufficient insulin, or both. Diabetes prevalence has greatly increased in recent decades; consequently, it is considered one of the fastest-growing public health emergencies globally. Poor blood glucose control can result in long-term micro- and macrovascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with diabetes require continuous medical care, including pharmacological intervention as well as lifestyle and dietary changes.RECENT FINDINGS: The most common form of diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), represents approximately 90% of all cases worldwide. T2DM occurs more often in middle-aged and elderly adults, and its cause is multifactorial. However, its incidence has increased in children and young adults due to obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate nutrition. This high incidence is also accompanied by an estimated underdiagnosis prevalence of more than 50% worldwide. Implementing successful and cost-effective strategies for systematic screening of diabetes mellitus is imperative to ensure early detection, lowering patients' risk of developing life-threatening disease complications. Therefore, identifying new biomarkers and assay methods for diabetes mellitus to develop robust, non-invasive, painless, highly-sensitive, and precise screening techniques is essential. This review focuses on the recent development of new clinically validated and novel biomarkers as well as the methods for their determination that represent cost-effective alternatives for screening and early diagnosis of T2DM.
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Enzymatic methods
KW - Glycemia
KW - Screening
KW - T2DM
KW - Cardiovascular Diseases
KW - Humans
KW - Middle Aged
KW - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
KW - Insulin
KW - Hypoglycemic Agents
KW - Aged
KW - Child
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U2 - 10.1007/s11892-022-01453-4
DO - 10.1007/s11892-022-01453-4
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35267140
AN - SCOPUS:85126071554
SN - 1534-4827
VL - 22
SP - 95
EP - 115
JO - Current Diabetes Reports
JF - Current Diabetes Reports
IS - 3
ER -