@article{158be832e92b4c818bd0117f645468bd,
title = "Targeting the IL-9 pathway in cancer immunotherapy",
abstract = "Interleukin (IL)-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which can function as a positive or negative regulator of immune responses on multiple types of cells. The role of IL-9 was originally known in allergic disease and parasite infections. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate its presence in the tumor tissues of mice and humans, and the association between IL-9 and tumor progression has been revisited following the discovery of T helper (Th) 9 cells. Tumor-specific Th9 cells are considered to be the main subset of CD4+ T cells that produce high level of IL-9 and exhibit an IL-9-dependent robust anti-cancer function in solid tumors. IL-9 exerts an unprecedented anti-tumor immunity not only by inducing innate and adaptive immune responses but also directly promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. The objective of this review is to summarize the latest advances regarding the anti-tumor mechanisms of IL-9 and Th9 cells.",
keywords = "Interleukin-9, T helper 9 cells, adaptive immune response, cancer immunotherapy, innate immune response",
author = "Ningbo Zheng and Yong Lu",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI, 4R00CA190910-03), the Elsa u. Pardee Foundation Award 2019, NCI P30 Administrative Supplement for Cell-Based Therapy (3P30CA012197-44S5), Daryl and Marguerite Errett Discovery Award 2020, ACS Research Scholar Grant (RSG-19-149-01-LIB), Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center (WFBCCC) Push Pilot project and Wake Forest Start-up funds. Research reported in this publication was also supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number UL1TR001420 (CTSI Pilot Grant Award 2018, CTSI Pilot Grant Award 2019, and CTSI Ignition Fund Pilot award).This study was also supported by the National Cancer Institute{\textquoteright}s Cancer Center Support Grant award number P30CA012197 issued to the Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",
year = "2020",
month = oct,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1080/21645515.2019.1710413",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "16",
pages = "2333--2340",
journal = "Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics",
issn = "2164-5515",
publisher = "Landes Bioscience",
number = "10",
}