@article{7600ddc3c6674bedbef73e000f35c1b4,
title = "A systematic review of general surgery robotic training curriculums",
abstract = "Background: As of the most recent surveys of resident programs in 2018, only slightly more than half of programs have formal robotic training curriculums implemented. Fewer programs have further assessed their own curriculum and its benefit. Method: We conducted a PubMed/MEDLINE literature search for robotic surgery curriculums and those that had assessment of their programs. Results: A total of 11 studies were reviewed. When reviewed in chronological order, there has been a progression towards more robotic specific objective data analysis as opposed to subjective surveying. There is a wide variation in curriculums, but simulation use is pervasive. Conclusions: Our review makes evident two important concepts-there is great variety in training curriculums and there is great benefit in implementation. The importance is in establishment of what makes resident training effective and supports the adaptable and successful surgeon. This may come from an adaptable curriculum but a structured test-out assessment.",
keywords = "Curriculum assessment, Resident curriculum, Robotic surgery, Systematic review",
author = "{Del Calvo}, Haydee and Kim, {Min P.} and Ray Chihara and Chan, {Edward Y.}",
note = "Funding Information: Given this transition within our field, there have been various efforts to create and expand the training platforms. Thus far, there has been no uniform method of training and platforms vary from web-based to on-site and simulators [ 17 ]. One of the web-based training curricula that exists is the “Fundamentals of Robotic Surgery” funded by a grant from the Department of Defense and Intuitive Surgical. It is a curriculum that was developed by a cohort of 80 experts, and it includes 4 online training modules consisting of didactic instruction, psychomotor skill development and team training. Their goal is to provide an initial accreditation and they do not intend their program to be used as a full resident training program. Another online training program is one offered by Intuitive Surgical themselves named “Technology Training Pathway” which includes modules regarding product training and skills application. While it is evident that our world continues to shift towards online learning, there will always be invaluable need for on-site training. SAGES has developed a Robotics Masters Series. This program aims to provide educational resources for different levels of expertise from resident physicians to experienced surgeons. They use their annual meeting platform and robotic cadaver courses to integrate on-site aspects to their curricula. Another on-site based curriculum is the Robotics Training Network (RTN) curriculum in which phases of training are guided. The first phase constitutes bedside assists with self-guided learning via online modules for eventual transition to the operating room. Assessment is performed with the Robotic-Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (R-OSATS). RTN has now been integrated at 50 programs nation-wide. Lastly, the Fundamental Skills of Robotic-Assisted Surgery (FSRS) Training Program is a two-day to three-week on-site program in New York that allows for various levels of certification (basic, intermediate, and advanced). It uses online modules, labs, and simulators to teach and certify healthcare providers and it is available to all surgical staff including surgeons, nurses, and technicians. Finally, several surgical robotic training simulators exist. The first simulator made available was the dV-trainer with now over 60 training exercises and a range from basic to advanced skills training. Programs themselves, such as FSRS, have developed their own simulators. The Robotic Surgery Simulator (RoSS) is a stand-alone robotic surgery simulator developed by FSRS. One unique aspect of this simulator has been the employment of haptics to provide feedback. Another stand-alone trainer and the most recent addition has been the RobotiX Mentor. Finally, the da Vinci Skills Simulator (dVSS) by Intuitive Surgical has the major benefit of using the actual robotic surgery console that is used in the operating room therefore facilitating familiarization with the system. As it is evident here, there is great variety of training modules and as it is evident in our review there has been much variety in what programs have chosen to implement. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors",
year = "2023",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19260",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
pages = "e19260",
journal = "Heliyon",
issn = "2405-8440",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "9",
}