TY - JOUR
T1 - There is variability in our perception of the standard head orientation
AU - Hughes, G. N.
AU - Gateño, J.
AU - English, J. D.
AU - Teichgraeber, J. F.
AU - Xia, J. J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was partially supported by NIH/NIDCR research grants R01DE022676 , R01DE022676 (suppl), R01DE021863 , and R01DE022676 (renewal).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 International Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
PY - 2017/11
Y1 - 2017/11
N2 - The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) whether an observer's perception of the correct anatomical alignment of the head changes with time, and (2) whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment. To determine whether the perception of the correct anatomical alignment changes with time (intra-observer comparison), a group of 30 observers were asked to orient, into anatomical alignment, the three-dimensional (3D) head photograph of a normal man, on two separate occasions. To determine whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment (inter-observer comparison), the observed orientations were compared. The results of intra-observer comparisons showed substantial variability between the first and second anatomical alignments. Bland–Altman coefficients of repeatability for pitch, yaw, and roll, were 6.9°, 4.4°, and 2.4°, respectively. The results of inter-observer comparisons showed that the agreement for roll was good (sample variance 0.4, standard deviation (SD) 0.7°), the agreement for yaw was moderate (sample variance 2.0, SD 1.4°), and the agreement for pitch was poor (sample variance 15.5, SD 3.9°). In conclusion, the perception of correct anatomical alignment changes considerably with time. Different observers disagree on the correct anatomical alignment. Agreement among multiple observers was bad for pitch, moderate for yaw, and good for roll.
AB - The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) whether an observer's perception of the correct anatomical alignment of the head changes with time, and (2) whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment. To determine whether the perception of the correct anatomical alignment changes with time (intra-observer comparison), a group of 30 observers were asked to orient, into anatomical alignment, the three-dimensional (3D) head photograph of a normal man, on two separate occasions. To determine whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment (inter-observer comparison), the observed orientations were compared. The results of intra-observer comparisons showed substantial variability between the first and second anatomical alignments. Bland–Altman coefficients of repeatability for pitch, yaw, and roll, were 6.9°, 4.4°, and 2.4°, respectively. The results of inter-observer comparisons showed that the agreement for roll was good (sample variance 0.4, standard deviation (SD) 0.7°), the agreement for yaw was moderate (sample variance 2.0, SD 1.4°), and the agreement for pitch was poor (sample variance 15.5, SD 3.9°). In conclusion, the perception of correct anatomical alignment changes considerably with time. Different observers disagree on the correct anatomical alignment. Agreement among multiple observers was bad for pitch, moderate for yaw, and good for roll.
KW - human perception
KW - inter-observer variability
KW - intra-observer variability
KW - standard head orientation
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.04.023
DO - 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.04.023
M3 - Article
C2 - 28521964
AN - SCOPUS:85019486438
SN - 0901-5027
VL - 46
SP - 1512
EP - 1516
JO - International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
JF - International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
IS - 11
ER -